Symbolic Representation of Women in Trifles - Literature Essay Samples

Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles, reflects her fixation with culture-bound notions of gender roles and the complexities of inequality prevalent in the home as well as the public sphere during 1916. The competing roles and perspectives of men and women work to create a social division by confining women to the home where the contributions go unnoticed and undervalued. Glaspell’s use of symbolism in Trifles works to represent how false assumptions about women lead to a dysfunctional society. The symbolism of the setting represents the isolation of women in society, as well as emphasizes the kitchen as a domain for women. The opening description of the kitchen as â€Å"gloomy† and â€Å"left without having been put in order† denotes a sense of despair (73). The coldness and isolation of the region also plays an important role. When the group first enters the house, they note the coldness and the men flock to the fire. As Hale recalls his conversation with Minnie, he asks her, â€Å"How do, Mrs. Wright, it’s cold, ain’t it?† and she responds, â€Å"Is it?† (74). The coldness correlates with John Wright’s callous actions towards Minnie, and the fact that Minnie doesn’t recognize the coldness foreshadows her husband’s death since she doesn’t feel his cold-heartedness anymore. Furthermore, Mrs. Hale describes the house as lacking cheer, saying â€Å"I’ve never liked this place. Maybe because it†™s down in a hollow and you don’t see the road. I dunno what it is, but it’s a lonesome place and always was† (79). The house being â€Å"down in a hollow† underscores how isolated Minnie Wright’s house is, making it a desolate place to live. Additionally, this play speaks to the male-dominated society, in which females are delegated to the kitchens. In â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood,† there is a passage that states, â€Å"A wife should occupy herself ‘only with domestic affairs—wait till your husband confides to you those of a high importance—and do not give your advice until he asks for it’† (Welter 161). This further exemplifies that women belong in a domestic setting, not speaking their mind until asked to do so by their husbands. The men judge the women by their housekeeping skills and are dismissive of the hard work a woman faces in maintaining a home. For example, when the County Attorney asks the Sheriff if there is anything significant to the crime on the first floor, the Sherif responds, â€Å"Nothing here but kitchen things† (75). Knowing the kitchen is the woman’s domain, the men ignore it—rejecting the notion that anything of value could be found in the kitchen. The men’s disregard for a woman’s role in the kitchen reflects how women were treated at that time. They linger on the edges of society and lose themselves in the care that they give others, being dismissed as inferior beings. The characterization is symbolic throughout the play because it represents a patriarchal society, manifested in law and citizenry, as well as the effect it has on the women. At the beginning of the play, the character list is significant in supporting men’s status above women: George Henderson, county attorney Henry Peters, sheriff Lewis Hale, a neighboring farmer Mrs. Peters Mrs. Hale (73) Not only are the men’s first names added while the women’s are omitted, but the occupations of each man is listed; this represents how the identities of women are irrelevant, reducing them to property owned by their husbands. The descriptions of the characters read significant as well. In the stage directions, the men are depicted as coming in first, bundled up and flocking to the fire, while Mrs. Peters is described as a â€Å"slight wiry woman† with â€Å"a thin nervous face† and Mrs. Hale is â€Å"larger and would ordinarily be called more comfortable looking, but she is disturbed now and looks fearfully about as she enters† (73). The illustrations of the women depict opposite personalities and are consistent throughout the play. While Mrs. Peters is less outspoken than Mrs. Hale, they each know their place underneath the men. Instead of going to the fire with the men, they â€Å"stand close together near the door†, signifying the societal divide between men and women (73). The men coming in first represents their higher position in society, whereas the women are seen as secondary, coming in after them. The women do not follow the men to the fire because they were not asked, indicating men’s authority and how women are dependent on their husbands. Throughout the play, the men’s condescending attitudes try to overpower the women, demonstrating how men subjugate women in society at that time. After Mrs. Peters find Minne’s frozen fruit jars and expresses her concern, Mr. Hale comments that â€Å"women are used to worrying over trifles† (75). Right after this, the stage directions tell us that â€Å"[t]he two women move a little closer together,† showing that Mr. Hale’s words negatively affected them (75). Another key example of the men’s contempt concerns the quilt that Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale find. Mrs. Hale says this of the quilt: â€Å"It’s log cabin pattern. Pretty, isn’t it? I wonder if she was goin’ to quilt it or just knot it?† (78). While she says this, the men descend the stairs, and the Sheriff repeats her words, drawing a laugh from the men. Their ridicule paints a clear picture on the cruel nature of men directed toward women at that time. While John Wright isn’t physically in the play, he is mentioned as being a good man that â€Å"didn’t drink and kept his word as well as most†; however, Mrs. Hale continues on saying â€Å"he was a hard man, Mrs. Peters. Just to pass the time of day with him—(Shivers.) Like a raw wind that gets to the bone† (80). This illustration of John Wright highlights his dominance over Minnie, and while he puts up a moral faà §ade, underneath it is a harsh, hard man who controlled the household. Dealing with marriage, â€Å"The Declaration of Sentiments† states that â€Å"[i]n the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her master—the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty† (Stanton 3). In Minnie’s marriage, John deprives her of contact with society, stifling her voice, and forces his dominance on her, making her obey his orders. The men’s u nsympathetic treatment towards women extinguishes the chance of equality in society, asserting themselves above the subordinate women. The women’s actions as a result of the men’s callous treatment towards them reflect the different stages of rebelliousness performed by the women in society. When the County Attorney comments on the dirty towels in the Wrights’ kitchen and how Minnie is â€Å"not much of a housekeeper†, Mrs. Hale â€Å"stiffly† replies with â€Å"There’s a great deal of work to be done on a farm† (76). Clearly, the men have no respect for what women do in the kitchen, and Mrs. Hale makes sure to challenge the lawyer, showing she isn’t afraid to speak her mind by insulting the men who dare intrude in the kitchen where they believe they have no business. While Mrs. Hale sees no issues in being crude, Mrs. Peters refuses to join Mrs. Hale in making derisive statements. Instead, she tells Mrs. Hale that â€Å"it’s no more than [the men’s] duty,† indicating her obedience towards her husband (76). Mrs. Hale is resentful of the way the men think they can come in and meddle with things, â€Å"trying to get [Minine’s] house to turn against her†; yet, Mrs. Peters disagrees with Mrs. Hale, saying â€Å"the law is the law† (78). Mrs. Peters defends the law and serves to represent women’s blind obedience to their husbands, whereas Mrs. Hale stands to represent the rebellious side of women at that time, not backing down from the patriarchal society. Interestingly, towards the end of the play, Mrs. Peters undergoes an internal conflict that serves as a turning point for her. After the women discover the bird and hide it from the approaching men, it is Mrs. Peters who disobeys their questioning about where the bird went. After this exchange, the stage directions say that â€Å"[t]he two women sit there not looking at one another, but as if peering into something and at the same time holding back. When they talk now it is in the manner of feeling their way over strange ground, as if afraid of what they are saying, but as if they cannot help saying it†, which represents the tension they feel because the women know they just lied (81). The women’s way of knowing leads them not simply to knowledge, but also to the decision on how to act on that knowledge. As a result of adopting this way of knowing, the women are able to gain power in being devalued, for their low status allows them to keep quiet. Minnie Foster’s life spirals downward after her marriage to John Wright, clearly evident in the lack of upkeep in the kitchen. Mrs. Hale seems to have a cherished memory of Minnie singing in the choir wearing a â€Å"white dress with blue ribbons†, underscoring her being well-known among other girls back in the day (81). The color white symbolizes purity and innocence, while blue indicates truth; Minnie’s dress represents her clinging to the truth of the innocence she had before marriage. Mrs. Hale also recalls Minnie’s activeness in the community, apparent when she says, â€Å"I heard she used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster† (77). From this information, the inference can be made that Minnie entered her marriage automatically and without giving it much thought. As Mrs. Hale later points out about the women of her society, â€Å"We live close together and we live far apart. We all go through the same things—i t’s all just a different kind of the same thing† (81). Minnie perhaps married because, as with other women, any other options to do something else were null. Shortly after her marriage, Minnie adopted the attitude of a battered woman. John Wright assumes control over Minnie, marked by Mrs. Hale saying, â€Å"Wright was close. I think maybe that’s why she kept so much to herself. She didn’t even belong to the Ladies’ Aid. I suppose she felt she couldn’t do her part, and then you don’t enjoy things when you feel shabby† (77). The women find evidence of this in Minne’s unfinished housework, representing Minnie’s incomplete life in her marriage. After further examination of the kitchen, the women find all but one broken jars of cherry preserves. Cherries symbolize protection, and the one jar that didn’t freeze represents Minnie’s hope of escaping. After Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters realize what Minnie has do ne, Mrs. Hale comes to understand her actions behind it. She tells Mrs. Peters, â€Å"If I was you I wouldn’t tell her her fruit was gone. Tell her it ain’t. Tell it’s all right† (81-82). This works to show the women’s understanding and protection over Minnie, vowing to keep her hope alive. Because of their shared gender, the women can empathize with Mrs. Wright’s pain, and they decide to conceal her crime, concluding that her actions were justified. Minnie’s state of mind deteriorates, becoming more evident in her abandonment of the joys of her home, and in what seems to be a daily battle of survival. The women realize the crazy patterns denote Minnie’s disturbed state of mind, which can only belong to a battered woman. Mrs. Hale finds the stitching and and comments, â€Å"[T]his is the one she was working on, and look at the sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even. And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about!† (78). The transformation of the stitching represents Minnie’s spirit breaking when she couldn’t take her husband’s abuse any longer. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters find the bird cage, and they note that the door â€Å"looks as if someone [has] been rough with it†, and Mrs. Hale gets distracted of a memory of Minnie, relating her to a bird, being â€Å"real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid andâ⠂¬â€fluttery. How—she—did—change† (79-80). Birds symbolize freedom and the soul, and Minnie owning a bird represents her longing to be free, but because John kept it in the cage, just as he kept Minnie in the house, both fell short of the freedom they desire. The canary represents joy, and the women believe it brightened Minnie’s attitude, provided with a new sense of hope. When the women find the bird wrapped in silk with a wrung neck, they realize that John killed it, robbing Minnie of her happiness and renewed expectations (80). Along with the brutal death of Minnie’s only joy at the hands of her husband, the many years in a desiccated marriage drives Minnie to strike back at her husband, killing him in the same manner he killed her soul. At the play’s end, the women unite to work together to right the wrongs of Minnie’s crime. Once the men’s backs are turned, the two women try to conceal the box with the dead bird before the men notice it. When Mrs. Peters tries to put the box in her purse, it doesn’t fit, causing Mrs. Hale to snatch the box and stuff it in her coat pocket. Because it takes both women to hide the evidence of Minnie’s actions, it represents how unity between women is needed to overcome the patriarchal society. In a continued show of gender unity, the men jokingly patronize the women’s involvement throughout the play, thus, encouraging the women to prevail in hiding the bird because they are devalued, meaning they can hide the evidence without being questioned. The play ends on the pun â€Å"knot it†, which suggests that the women are â€Å"not it† and will not be pinned for murder because they have knotted away their knowledge, referencing the bo nds tying them together (82). As the title suggests, Trifles insinuates that the concerns of women are often considered to be unimportant issues that bear little or no importance to the true work of society, which is being carried out by men.

Hispanics And Latinos And Hispanics - 1560 Words

There is a significant difference between Latinos and Hispanics, but they are also exceedingly closely related. It is important to remember that these terms refer to ethnicity, not race. Latinos and Hispanics are two different words that may or may not mean the same thing. Some people say Hispanics are those descending from Spain and speak Spanish. Others say it is not the same because Latinos include people from Latin American countries. Since this would include non-Spanish speaking countries it is not the same as Hispanic. So technically speaking you can be one without the other but a person can also be both. Latinos and Hispanics have a long history here in the United States of America. The term â€Å"Hispanic† is most often used by the government, which is what will be used through the rest of this document. Hispanics are the fastest growing group in the United States and their numbers will continue to increase as years go by. Mexicans are the largest subgroup of Hispanics making up 66% of the population while the other 34% includes Central and South Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Hispanic origins. California, Texas, and Florida have the highest populations of Hispanics. In regards to health insurance, Hispanics have the highest rates of uninsured in the United States. Hispanics tend to have very close family ties. In times of trouble they turn to family members for support. They more often than not make decisions as a family and not as an individual. FamilyShow MoreRelatedThe Latino And Hispanic Group1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Latino/Hispanic group is the only e thnic category counted separately by the United States Census. It’s also the largest minority group today in the U.S. and has a variety of different groups. According to the U.S. Census, a Latino/Hispanic person can be black or white when considering race. 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ThisRead MoreLatino Population And Hispanic Population1150 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation (Schwartz Scott, 2012) is the Latinos. In 2010 Census Bureau Brief ( Ennis, Rois-Vargas, Albert, 2011) it stated how an estimated 15 million Latino individuals were living within the United States, which is approximately about 16% of the entire U.S. population. There is one big problem with addressing the Latino population, and that is the family patterns are either misrepresented or not properly understood, due to the label of Hispanic and Latinos being placed together. These two groupsRead MoreLatino Americans And Hispanic Americans1114 Words   |  5 PagesHispanic A mericans are the largest minority group in the United States. They make up approximately 16 percent of the country s population. They are considered both an ethnic and a racial minority group. Their language, a cultural characteristic, identifies them as an ethnic minority group. 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Islam and Jihad Essay - 1185 Words

The Arabic word Jihad literally means holy struggle. It is not holy war. War is war. No war can be holy. The blood of humans is holy and sacred. The Quran says unjust killing of one man means the killing of the whole mankind. What is just killing and what is unjust killing. When some body kills a man without any reason or justification it is unjust killing. When the judge gives the capital punishment to this murderer and issues the order of his death, it is a just killing. Similarly, when a war is thrust upon you and you become the victim of persecution and aggression, you are permitted to defend yourselves and kill the invaders or perpetrators. There are some Muslims who believe in Jihad in the name of aversion and conversion.†¦show more content†¦Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad gave us law and code of life. All preached brotherhood, justice, freedom, equality and peace. The prophets were the greatest champions of human rights. They boldly revolted aga inst the tyrants, oppressors and aggressors. Jihad by sword is only permissible when you are attacked. It is unfortunate that Islam is being branded as the religion of extremists, fascists, fundamentalists and terrorists. A few days ago some non-Muslim emailed me. He wrote; Islam is the religion of terrorism and Muhammad was a terrorist. Why he wrote this? How he came to such a conclusion? First; he has neither studied Islam nor the life of the Prophet of Islam. Second he has read or seen the terrorist activities of some Muslim hard liners and extremists. Partly he is correct and partly he is incorrect. The Quran about mischief mongers and the enemies of peace candidly in Sura The Cow; when it is said to them; ‘make not mischief on the earth. They say; ‘we are only ones that put things right. Of a surety, they are the ones who make mischief, but they realize it not (2:11-12). The serious, objective and rational study of the Quran testifies this verity that Islam strongly condemns bloodshed and aggression. It is a religion of peace. The Meccans attacked Muhammad thrice. The battle of Badr; the battle of Uhad and the battle of Trench are solid proofs of the fact that the Muslims of MedinaShow MoreRelated Islam, Terrorism, Jihad and Media Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Islam, Terrorism, Jihad and Media A bomb goes off in a marketplace in Tel Aviv. A suicide bomber launches himself in a bus full of people in the street of Baghdad. Foreign tourists get massacred at a holiday resort in Nairobi, Kenya. This can go on and on. We all have heard this kind of pathetic news in the media. These kinds of incidents are widely known as Islamic terrorism according to the western media. All such incidents have come to be identified with the religion of Islam. 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Jihad has become a very volatile word, so it is necessary that those who use it should understand exactly what it means, what it entails, and what significance it has in current global events. There are many interpretations of the word Jihad, but the most common literal translation from Arabic to English is struggle. ManyRead MoreJihad Is A Symbol Of Destruction And Terrorism909 Words   |  4 PagesArguably the most misunderstood term in the religion of Islam, Jihad could mean one of two things: a struggle for or against something or a Holy War against a nation. The idea of Jihad came about when Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), most praised and recognized Prophet of Islam, wanted to spread Islam. Today, Jihad is a symbol of destruction and terrorism. 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But what most people don’t understand is that the meaning of the term â€Å"Jihad†Read MoreEssay Islam Does NOT Advocate Terrorism711 Words   |  3 Pagesand destruction of public and private property in Iraq, Syria and beyond. Because of this, many people think that Islam requires fighting non-Muslims, killing, invading other lands, etc. All these thoughts about Islam are t otally wrong. Islam does not advocate any form of terrorism. Islam is not responsible for any terror operations done by any movements that relates itself to Islam. According to the text mentioned in the Holy Quran, killing a person is like killing all humankind, and saving aRead MoreIslam Is The Fastest Growing Religion1731 Words   |  7 Pageschoice. Islam has been presented to the United States and the world as a peaceful and accepting religion that is based on the teachings of the Quran. According to Robert Spencer in his book Islam Unveiled, â€Å"Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world today. Islam now counts among its adherents one out of every five people on earth.† (Spencer 36). However, on September 11, 2001 as the World Trade Center buildings exploded into flames, America and the rest of the world’s view of Islam and MuslimRead MoreThe Art of Jihad Documentary1598 Words   |  7 Pages1/11/2011 â€Å"The Art of Jihad† Documentaries have a huge impact on one’s thoughts and beliefs. The Art of Jihad is one of the most interesting documentaries I have ever seen. It is about three American artists discussing the stereotypes about Islam especially in USA, and how they try to reveal the actual meaning of Islam through their works. Non-Muslim people, especially non-Arabs, do not know the real meaning of Islam. These people always misjudge Muslims and think that Islam tells us not to be peaceful

Influence of Dcientific Management and Organization

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Dcientific Management and Organization. Answer: Introduction: Henry Ford along with Alexander Malcomson formed a car manufacturing company known as the The Ford Motor Company. The purpose of this business was to make cars with lesser cost by changing the method of production. Henry Ford was really impressed by the effectiveness theory of Fredrick Taylor (Uddin and Hossain 2015). The management theory of Taylor is based on the principle that productivity of individual workers can be increased by assigning them the tasks that are suitable to them and according to their capabilities and strengths. This efficiency can only be achieved by reducing unnecessary physical movement of the workers (Atiken. 2014). The concept of proper time management was first introduced to increase the productivity of the workers. This principle includes the following: The Introduction of new assembly line. Lowering the production time. Providing attractive packages for the employees. Time Saving Approach. The researcher thinks that in this modern era of business, workers from Australia, America and Europe will not accept the concept of Taylorism. The main reason behind this is the change of Technology. Moreover, nowadays, people are much more depended on machinery and modern tools and the participation of Individual Talent is very low (Asyali and Bastug 2014). The growth of automation has successfully limited the talent of individual workers. There is no perception of applying the theory in todays changing environment. Moreover, there are certain implications in the theory if applied currently (Uddin and Hossain 2015). It can be concluded that the application of the Taylorism Theory will be considered in some of the Call Centers to some extent but not completely to all of them. Since all the business operations of the Call Centers are generally divided into, different sectors and Call Centers are concentrating in niche market group (Atiken. 2014). The theory is applicable to some extent because the work division in the Call Centers is hugely depended on the area of expertise of individual employees and the job roles is defined to each employees respectively (Homles. 2016). According to the researcher, it is right, there are many industries across the world, which require and maintain the application of these ideas as entailed in the question. Moreover, the theory of Scientific Management was introduced more than a Century ago, but the principle of this theory has significant effect in todays world (Atiken. 2014). The principle of rewarding the employees for hard work, proper efficiency in division of work and introduction of new production lines are the golden rules while starting up an enterprise or organization. The proper utilization of this theory and effective application will lead any organization to attain success and growth in the long run (Asyali and Bastug 2014). Thomas Freidman on Globalization: Thomas Freidman in his book The World is Flat has described how the globalization has changed the evolution of communication and how the world has eventually becoming shorter. In this book, Freidman has identified the impact of global economic change due to globalization. Not only the world is becoming flat but also is getting tiny according to Freidman (James and Van Seters 2014). The various risks and drawbacks of living in a flat world they are as follows: Globalization leads towards creating standards of wages and salaries across several countries, but wages and working conditions differ from one country to another. Moreover, the companies decent towards countries where the wages are low that creates workers dissatisfaction. Globalization implements outsourcing of jobs, for example lots of jobs are outsourced from developed nations such as jobs from USA are outsource to other lower wages economies like India and China that creates unemployment in developed countries (Wee. 2013). The most crucial drawbacks of living in a flat world are that economic downfall in one-country spreads easily among several countries that creates worldwide recession and panic. The environment also suffers due to globalization as production move towards countries where there are less restriction and policy about controlling pollution (ONeal. 2014). The iron rule of Freidman is right. According to Freidman, the world is flat and anything can happen to anyone. The only matter of question is whether it will be done by you or to you. Freidman also included that there is no competition between countries. The only competition exists is between you and your imagination. For example if you want to become an entrepreneur you can get a factory in China to manufacture the product, then use online websites like Amazon to take the orders and sell them respectively (Knoester. 2013). The flat world has increased the ability to stimulate new product and services cheaper than ever before. Freidman created a formula known, as CQ + PQ are always greater than IQ. That indicates that Curiosity Quotient and Passion Quotient are always more than Intelligence Quotient (Wee. 2013). The answer of this question is definitely no, as social and cultural differences will remain to prevail between countries. Organizations like Coca Cola, KFC and McDonalds and other brands are everywhere but that does not means that the customers will adopt the same culture. Culture is one of the much deeper superficial signs that is concerned with attitudes, characteristics of an individual (ONeal. 2014). It is very easy to adopt the technologies of the world due to globalization but it is not necessary to adopt the culture too. For example, people have adopted the World Wide Web and other technologies but this does not signifies that they have also adopted the original cultural aspect of it. The use of social media varies from countries to countries and people use it for different purposes all around the world (James and Van Seters 2014). According to Freidman, it is not, necessary to adopt a culture in order to use a technology, as technology is available throughout the world in di fferent places and globalization has shortened the gap between countries with every service is very much available in every corner of the world (Wee. 2013). References: Aitken, H.G., 2014.Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal, 1908-1915. Princeton University Press. Asyali, E. and Bastug, S., 2014. Influence of scientific management principles on ISM Code.Safety Science,68, pp.121-127. Holmes, L., 2016.Re-Tayloring Management: Scientific Management a Century on. Routledge. James, P. and Van Seters, P., 2014. Global social movements and global civil society: A critical overview.Globalization and Politics, Vol. 2: Global Social Movements and Global Civil Society, p.vii. Knoester, M., 2013. The Flat World and Books about Education Reform.American Journal of Education,119(4), pp.633-639. ONeal, C., 2014. What Does The World Is Flat Mean for Education?: A Closer Look at Our Educational Globe. Uddin, N. and Hossain, F., 2015. Evolution of Modern Management through Taylorism: An Adjustment of Scientific Management Comprising Behavioral Science.Procedia Computer Science,62, pp.578-584. Wee, A.T., 2013. The world is flat?.ACS nano,7(7), pp.5649-5650.

Outline some of the ways in which Marketisation and Selection Policies may produce social class differences in educational achievement (12 Marks) free essay sample

Marketisation is when schools become more business-like. This could be competition; schools strive to get to the top of league tables, they want the best grades and results, and they try to provide the best. Marketisation introduced funding formula, exam league tables and competition between schools. Due to the Marketisation of schools and the education system, sociologists have found that there is now an A to C economy and educational triage. Due to this change schools are now under immense pressure to stream and select pupils. For schools to receive good funding and pupils they need to achieve a good league table. Due to the league table sociologists, Gillborn and Youdell found that it creates what they call a ‘educational triage’. Gillborn and Youdell describe this as the sorting of pupils with a school. Their idea separates pupils into three categories; those who will pass anyway, borderline pupils (D-C) and hopeless students. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline some of the ways in which Marketisation and Selection Policies may produce social class differences in educational achievement (12 Marks) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their study found that teachers were likely to base the student’s ability on class. Those from a working class background are likely to be the ‘hopeless cases’ therefor the students were given no academic help and were ignored. Due to this label, Gillborn and Youdell believe this will lead the students to believing they’re in fact not intelligent and the self-fulfilling prophecy will lead to failure. In some cases the educational triage helps individual students who are C/D borderline, however it therefor does hinder the lower/ high grade students, as they are likely to be ignored due to them having either a very low or have a very high chance of passing. Schools, due to Marketisation, are also under pressure to pick and select ‘ideal pupils’ which are usually middle-class students. They will gain the school they attend higher grades and therefor a higher position in the educational league tables. Schools which achieve good rakings within league tables are most likely to attract more middle-class pupils and then will therefor improve the schools overall results and make the school popular. A school which is popular will receive more funding and thereby improve the schools results and so on, likewise an under achieving school will continue on a downward spiral. In 1993, Will Barlett found that popular schools were therefor likely to cream skin and silt- shift. League tables therefor lead  schools to marketize themselves to the public in order to attract middle-class children as they think they will most probably achieve higher grades leading to higher funding. Marketisation aims to attract middle-class students and not working-class students which may produce social class differences in educational achievement. Will Barlett argued in 1993 that Marketisation leads to schools cream skimming and silt-shifting. Cream skimming in education means that schools select higher ability pupils (mainly middle-class children) who gain the best results and therefor cost less to educate. Silt-Shifting however is the idea that schools also off load pupils with learning difficulties who are there for expensive to teach and will cost the school more money than the average child. This can disadvantage working class students in several ways. One way it disadvantages working-class students is by using home and school contracts. Selective schools usually require parents to sign a document explaining the schools expectations of the students before being offered a place. Sociologist Gewirtz explained that one individual school required parents to â€Å"ensure attendance and punctuality †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Schools do this as they will be attracting the right sort of parents and children. This technique is used to discourage working-class students and parents from applying if they are not willing to work or encourage their children to achieve their best. This technique within marketization also favours middle-class students as their parents are most likely to care about their education. Overall, Marketisation and Selection Policies do in fact produce social class differences in educational achievement. Firstly, league tables are likely to create an educational triage which seems to favour middle-class children more so than working-class children as they are likely to be labelled as hopeless. Next, league tables are designed to attract middle-class families and finally schools try to discourage working-class parents from sending their children to popular schools. We can gather from sociologist’s research that Marketisation and Selection Policies do produce social class differences in educational achievement.

Site and Situation in Urban Geography

Site and Situation in Urban Geography The study of settlement patterns is one of the most important aspects of urban geography. Settlements can range in size from a small village with a few hundred residents to a metropolitan city of over one million people. Geographers often study the reasons behind why such cities develop where they do and what factors lead to their becoming a large city over time or remaining as a small village. Some of the reasons behind these patterns are thought of regarding the areas site and its situation. Site and situation are two of the most important concepts in the study of urban geography. Site The site is the actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area. Site factors include things like landforms, climate, vegetation types, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and even wildlife. (i.e., is the area protected by mountains or is there a natural harbor present?) Historically, these factors led to the development of major cities worldwide. New York City, for example, is located where it is because of several site factors. As people arrived in North America from Europe, they began to settle in this area because it was a coastal location with a natural harbor. There was also an abundance of fresh water in the nearby Hudson River and small creeks as well as raw materials for building supplies. Also, the nearby Appalachian and the Catskill Mountains provided a barrier from moving inland. The site of an area can also create challenges for its population. The small Himalayan nation of Bhutan is a good example of this. Located within the worlds highest mountain range, the terrain of the country is extremely rugged and hard to get around. This, combined with the incredibly harsh climate in many areas of the country has made much of the population settle along rivers in the highlands just south of the Himalayas. Also, only 2% of the land in the nation is arable, with much of it located in the highlands, making a living in the country highly challenging. Situation The situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an areas situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a places connections with another, and how close an area may be too raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site. Though its site has made a living in the nation challenging, Bhutans situation has allowed it to maintain its policies of isolation as well as its own highly separated and traditionally religious culture. Because of its remote location in the Himalayas getting into the country is challenging and historically this has been beneficial because the mountains have been a form of protection. As such, the heartland of the nation has never been invaded. Also, Bhutan now controls many of the most strategic mountain passes in the Himalayas including the only ones into and out of its territory, leading to its title as the Mountain Fortress of the Gods. Like an areas site, however, its situation can also cause problems. For example, Canadas Eastern Provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are some of that countrys most economically downtrodden areas due in large part to their situations. These areas are isolated from the rest of Canada making manufacturing and the little agriculture possible too expensive. Also, there are very few close natural resources. Many are off the coast, and due to maritime laws, the government of Canada itself controls the resources. And, many of the traditional fishing economies they did have are now crashing along with the fish populations. The Importance of Site and Situation in Todays Cities As shown in the examples of New York City, Bhutan, and Canadas East coast, an areas site and situation played a significant role in its development both within its boundaries and on a world stage. This has occurred throughout history and is part of the reason why places like London, Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles were able to grow into the prosperous cities that they are today. As nations around the world continue to develop, their sites and situations will play a large role in whether or not they will be successful. Though todays ease of transportation and new technologies such as the Internet are bringing nations closer together, the physical landscape of an area, as well as its location in relation to its desired market, will still play a large role in whether or not such areas will grow to become the next great world city.

Managing and Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing and Leading Strategic Change - Essay Example Literature Review Henry Mintzberg in his famous research papers has pointed out three important characteristics of strategic change management. Discussing three characteristics of strategic change management will help me to understand key driving forces like leadership, learning and communication for change process. This discussion will create a link between academic theories with leadership issues in P&G during their change management process. Strategic Management versus Strategic Thinking Organizations use strategic management to operate business and control functional aspects of various departments while leaders’ use strategic thinking is synthesizing root maps to achieve organizational objectives. Strategic thinking played vital role for change process in P&G. Strategic Management Requires New Initiatives Leaders planning for strategic management need to think out of the box in order to incorporate breakthrough change. Informal learning should be encouraged in order to ach ieve sustainable change management. Research scholars have found that rearranging older concepts in order to accomplish change management often produces failure due to dynamic nature of strategic management. P&G had successfully used the concept of informal learning to accomplish the required change business model. Fallacy of Detachment Senior managers often fail to detect key issues of strategic change management due to various reasons such as complete detachment with employees of the organization, lack of communication with subordinates (Mintzberg, 1994). P&G had successfully mitigated the probability of detachment in order to achieve objective of change management. In accordance to research scholars strategic change management actually... From the discussion it is clear that organizations use strategic management to operate business and control functional aspects of various departments while leaders’ use strategic thinking is synthesizing root maps to achieve organizational objectives. Strategic thinking played vital role for change process in P&G.This paper discusses that leaders planning for strategic management need to think out of the box in order to incorporate breakthrough change. Informal learning should be encouraged in order to achieve sustainable change management. Research scholars have found that rearranging older concepts in order to accomplish change management often produces failure due to dynamic nature of strategic management. P&G had successfully used the concept of informal learning to accomplish the required change business model. Senior managers often fail to detect key issues of strategic change management due to various reasons such as complete detachment with employees of the organizatio n, lack of communication with subordinates. P&G had successfully mitigated the probability of detachment in order to achieve objective of change management.  Many organisations have achieved successful strategic change management due to leadership quality. The concept of strategic change management is multi dimensional in terms of organizational impact, variation of objective, dynamics of leadership and other management issues.